Table of Content

1. Introduction

1.1 Market Definition

1.2 Scope (Inclusion and Exclusions)

1.3 Research Assumptions

2. Executive Summary

2.1 Market Overview

2.2 Regional Synopsis

2.3 Competitive Summary

3. Research Methodology

3.1 Top-Down Approach

3.2 Bottom-up Approach

3.3. Data Validation

3.4 Primary Interviews

4. Market Dynamics Impact Analysis

4.1 Market Driving Factors Analysis

4.1.1 Drivers

4.1.2 Restraints

4.1.3 Opportunities

4.1.4 Challenges

4.2 PESTLE Analysis

4.3 Porter’s Five Forces Model

5. Statistical Insights and Trends Reporting

5.1 Adoption & Deployment

5.2 Technology & Infrastructure

      5.3 Performance & Efficiency

      5.4 AI & Digitalization

6. Competitive Landscape

6.1 List of Major Companies, By Region

6.2 Market Share Analysis, By Region

6.3 Product Benchmarking

6.3.1 Product specifications and features

6.3.2 Pricing

6.4 Strategic Initiatives

6.4.1 Marketing and Promotional Activities

6.4.2 Distribution and Supply Chain Strategies

6.4.3 Expansion plans and new product launches

6.4.4 Strategic partnerships and collaborations

6.5 Technological Advancements

6.6 Market Positioning and Branding

7. Tunnel Automation Market Segmentation, By Offering

7.1 Chapter Overview

7.2 Hardware

7.2.1 Hardware Market Trends Analysis (2020-2032)

7.2.2 Hardware Market Size Estimates and Forecasts to 2032 (USD Billion)

7.3 Software

7.3.1 Software Market Trends Analysis (2020-2032)

7.3.2 Software Market Size Estimates and Forecasts to 2032 (USD Billion)

7.4 Services

7.4.1 Services Market Trends Analysis (2020-2032)

7.4.2 Services Market Size Estimates and Forecasts to 2032 (USD Billion)

8. Tunnel Automation Market Segmentation, By Tunnel Type

8.1 Chapter Overview

8.2 Railway

8.2.1 Railway Market Trends Analysis (2020-2032)

8.2.2 Railway Market Size Estimates and Forecasts to 2032 (USD Billion)

8.3 Highway and Roadway Tunnels

8.3.1 Highway and Roadway Tunnels Market Trends Analysis (2020-2032)

8.3.2 Highway and Roadway Tunnels Market Size Estimates and Forecasts to 2032 (USD Billion)

9. Tunnel Automation Market Segmentation, By Component

9.1 Chapter Overview

9.2 HVAC

9.2.1 HVAC Market Trends Analysis (2020-2032)

9.2.2 HVAC Market Size Estimates and Forecasts to 2032 (USD Billion)

9.3 Lighting & Power Supply

9.3.1 Lighting & Power Supply Market Trends Analysis (2020-2032)

9.3.2 Lighting & Power Supply Market Size Estimates and Forecasts to 2032 (USD Billion)

9.4 Signalization

9.4.1 Signalization Market Trends Analysis (2020-2032)

9.4.2 Signalization Market Size Estimates and Forecasts to 2032 (USD Billion)

9.5 Others

9.5.1 Others Market Trends Analysis (2020-2032)

9.5.2 Others Market Size Estimates and Forecasts to 2032 (USD Billion)

10. Regional Analysis

10.1 Chapter Overview

10.2 North America

10.2.1 Trends Analysis

10.2.2 North America Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Country (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.2.3 North America Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Offering (2020-2032) (USD Billion) 

10.2.4 North America Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Tunnel Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.2.5 North America Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Component (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.2.6 USA

10.2.6.1 USA Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Offering (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.2.6.2 USA Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Tunnel Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.2.6.3 USA Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Component (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.2.7 Canada

10.2.7.1 Canada Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Offering (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.2.7.2 Canada Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Tunnel Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.2.7.3 Canada Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Component (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.2.8 Mexico

10.2.8.1 Mexico Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Offering (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.2.8.2 Mexico Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Tunnel Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.2.8.3 Mexico Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Component (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3 Europe

10.3.1 Eastern Europe

10.3.1.1 Trends Analysis

10.3.1.2 Eastern Europe Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Country (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.1.3 Eastern Europe Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Offering (2020-2032) (USD Billion) 

10.3.1.4 Eastern Europe Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Tunnel Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.1.5 Eastern Europe Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Component (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.1.6 Poland

10.3.1.6.1 Poland Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Offering (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.1.6.2 Poland Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Tunnel Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.1.6.3 Poland Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Component (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.1.7 Romania

10.3.1.7.1 Romania Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Offering (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.1.7.2 Romania Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Tunnel Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.1.7.3 Romania Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Component (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.1.8 Hungary

10.3.1.8.1 Hungary Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Offering (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.1.8.2 Hungary Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Tunnel Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.1.8.3 Hungary Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Component (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.1.9 Turkey

10.3.1.9.1 Turkey Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Offering (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.1.9.2 Turkey Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Tunnel Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.1.9.3 Turkey Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Component (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.1.10 Rest of Eastern Europe

10.3.1.10.1 Rest of Eastern Europe Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Offering (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.1.10.2 Rest of Eastern Europe Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Tunnel Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.1.10.3 Rest of Eastern Europe Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Component (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2 Western Europe

10.3.2.1 Trends Analysis

10.3.2.2 Western Europe Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Country (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.3 Western Europe Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Offering (2020-2032) (USD Billion) 

10.3.2.4 Western Europe Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Tunnel Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.5 Western Europe Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Component (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.6 Germany

10.3.2.6.1 Germany Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Offering (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.6.2 Germany Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Tunnel Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.6.3 Germany Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Component (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.7 France

10.3.2.7.1 France Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Offering (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.7.2 France Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Tunnel Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.7.3 France Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Component (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.8 UK

10.3.2.8.1 UK Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Offering (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.8.2 UK Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Tunnel Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.8.3 UK Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Component (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.9 Italy

10.3.2.9.1 Italy Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Offering (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.9.2 Italy Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Tunnel Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.9.3 Italy Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Component (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.10 Spain

10.3.2.10.1 Spain Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Offering (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.10.2 Spain Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Tunnel Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.10.3 Spain Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Component (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.11 Netherlands

10.3.2.11.1 Netherlands Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Offering (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.11.2 Netherlands Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Tunnel Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.11.3 Netherlands Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Component (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.12 Switzerland

10.3.2.12.1 Switzerland Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Offering (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.12.2 Switzerland Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Tunnel Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.12.3 Switzerland Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Component (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.13 Austria

10.3.2.13.1 Austria Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Offering (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.13.2 Austria Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Tunnel Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.13.3 Austria Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Component (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.14 Rest of Western Europe

10.3.2.14.1 Rest of Western Europe Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Offering (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.14.2 Rest of Western Europe Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Tunnel Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.14.3 Rest of Western Europe Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Component (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4 Asia Pacific

10.4.1 Trends Analysis

10.4.2 Asia Pacific Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Country (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.3 Asia Pacific Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Offering (2020-2032) (USD Billion) 

10.4.4 Asia Pacific Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Tunnel Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.5 Asia Pacific Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Component (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.6 China

10.4.6.1 China Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Offering (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.6.2 China Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Tunnel Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.6.3 China Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Component (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.7 India

10.4.7.1 India Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Offering (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.7.2 India Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Tunnel Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.7.3 India Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Component (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.8 Japan

10.4.8.1 Japan Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Offering (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.8.2 Japan Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Tunnel Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.8.3 Japan Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Component (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.9 South Korea

10.4.9.1 South Korea Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Offering (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.9.2 South Korea Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Tunnel Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.9.3 South Korea Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Component (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.10 Vietnam

10.4.10.1 Vietnam Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Offering (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.10.2 Vietnam Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Tunnel Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.10.3 Vietnam Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Component (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.11 Singapore

10.4.11.1 Singapore Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Offering (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.11.2 Singapore Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Tunnel Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.11.3 Singapore Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Component (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.12 Australia

10.4.12.1 Australia Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Offering (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.12.2 Australia Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Tunnel Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.12.3 Australia Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Component (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.13 Rest of Asia Pacific

10.4.13.1 Rest of Asia Pacific Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Offering (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.13.2 Rest of Asia Pacific Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Tunnel Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.13.3 Rest of Asia Pacific Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Component (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5 Middle East and Africa

10.5.1 Middle East

10.5.1.1 Trends Analysis

10.5.1.2 Middle East Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Country (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.1.3 Middle East Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Offering (2020-2032) (USD Billion) 

10.5.1.4 Middle East Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Tunnel Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.1.5 Middle East Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Component (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.1.6 UAE

10.5.1.6.1 UAE Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Offering (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.1.6.2 UAE Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Tunnel Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.1.6.3 UAE Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Component (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.1.7 Egypt

10.5.1.7.1 Egypt Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Offering (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.1.7.2 Egypt Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Tunnel Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.1.7.3 Egypt Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Component (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.1.8 Saudi Arabia

10.5.1.8.1 Saudi Arabia Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Offering (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.1.8.2 Saudi Arabia Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Tunnel Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.1.8.3 Saudi Arabia Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Component (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.1.9 Qatar

10.5.1.9.1 Qatar Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Offering (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.1.9.2 Qatar Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Tunnel Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.1.9.3 Qatar Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Component (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.1.10 Rest of Middle East

10.5.1.10.1 Rest of Middle East Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Offering (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.1.10.2 Rest of Middle East Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Tunnel Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.1.10.3 Rest of Middle East Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Component (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.2 Africa

10.5.2.1 Trends Analysis

10.5.2.2 Africa Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Country (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.2.3 Africa Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Offering (2020-2032) (USD Billion) 

10.5.2.4 Africa Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Tunnel Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.2.5 Africa Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Component (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.2.6 South Africa

10.5.2.6.1 South Africa Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Offering (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.2.6.2 South Africa Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Tunnel Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.2.6.3 South Africa Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Component (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.2.7 Nigeria

10.5.2.7.1 Nigeria Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Offering (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.2.7.2 Nigeria Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Tunnel Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.2.7.3 Nigeria Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Component (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.2.8 Rest of Africa

10.5.2.8.1 Rest of Africa Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Offering (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.2.8.2 Rest of Africa Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Tunnel Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.2.8.3 Rest of Africa Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Component (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.6 Latin America

10.6.1 Trends Analysis

10.6.2 Latin America Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Country (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.6.3 Latin America Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Offering (2020-2032) (USD Billion) 

10.6.4 Latin America Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Tunnel Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.6.5 Latin America Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Component (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.6.6 Brazil

10.6.6.1 Brazil Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Offering (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.6.6.2 Brazil Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Tunnel Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.6.6.3 Brazil Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Component (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.6.7 Argentina

10.6.7.1 Argentina Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Offering (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.6.7.2 Argentina Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Tunnel Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.6.7.3 Argentina Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Component (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.6.8 Colombia

10.6.8.1 Colombia Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Offering (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.6.8.2 Colombia Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Tunnel Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.6.8.3 Colombia Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Component (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.6.9 Rest of Latin America

10.6.9.1 Rest of Latin America Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Offering (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.6.9.2 Rest of Latin America Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Tunnel Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.6.9.3 Rest of Latin America Tunnel Automation Market Estimates and Forecasts, By Component (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

11. Company Profiles

11.1 Siemens AG

11.1.1 Company Overview

11.1.2 Financial

11.1.3 Products/ Services Offered

11.1.4 SWOT Analysis

11.2 Johnson Controls Inc.

11.2.1 Company Overview

11.2.2 Financial

11.2.3 Products/ Services Offered

11.2.4 SWOT Analysis

11.3 ABB Limited

11.3.1 Company Overview

11.3.2 Financial

11.3.3 Products/ Services Offered

11.3.4 SWOT Analysis

11.4 SICK AG.

11.4.1 Company Overview

11.4.2 Financial

11.4.3 Products/ Services Offered

11.4.4 SWOT Analysis

11.5 Signify Holding BV

11.5.1 Company Overview

11.5.2 Financial

11.5.3 Products/ Services Offered

11.5.4 SWOT Analysis

11.6 Agidens International NV

11.6.1 Company Overview

11.6.2 Financial

11.6.3 Products/ Services Offered

11.6.4 SWOT Analysis

11.7 SICE.

11.7.1 Company Overview

11.7.2 Financial

11.7.3 Products/ Services Offered

11.7.4 SWOT Analysis

11.8 Indra Sistemas SA

11.8.1 Company Overview

11.8.2 Financial

11.8.3 Products/ Services Offered

11.8.4 SWOT Analysis

11.9 Advantech Co., Ltd.

11.9.1 Company Overview

11.9.2 Financial

11.9.3 Products/ Services Offered

11.9.4 SWOT Analysis

11.10 CODEL International Ltd.

11.10.1 Company Overview

11.10.2 Financial

11.10.3 Products/ Services Offered

11.10.4 SWOT Analysis

12. Use Cases and Best Practices

13. Conclusion