Table of Content:
1. Introduction
1.1 Market Definition
1.2 Scope (Inclusion and Exclusions)
1.3 Research Assumptions
2. Executive Summary
2.1 Market Overview
2.2 Regional Synopsis
2.3 Competitive Summary
3. Research Methodology
3.1 Top-Down Approach
3.2 Bottom-up Approach
3.3. Data Validation
3.4 Primary Interviews
4. Market Dynamics Impact Analysis
4.1 Market Driving Factors Analysis
4.1.1 Drivers
4.1.2 Restraints
4.1.3 Opportunities
4.1.4 Challenges
4.2 PESTLE Analysis
4.3 Porter’s Five Forces Model
5. Statistical Insights and Trends Reporting
5.1 Application Trends by Sector
5.2 Advances in Product Development
5.3 Drug Volume: Production and usage volumes of pharmaceuticals.
5.4 Challenges in Supply Chain and Distribution
6. Competitive Landscape
6.1 List of Major Companies, By Region
6.2 Market Share Analysis, By Region
6.3 Product Benchmarking
6.3.1 Product specifications and features
6.3.2 Pricing
6.4 Strategic Initiatives
6.4.1 Marketing and promotional activities
6.4.2 Distribution and supply chain strategies
6.4.3 Expansion plans and new product launches
6.4.4 Strategic partnerships and collaborations
6.5 Technological Advancements
6.6 Market Positioning and Branding
7. Cell Freezing Media Market Segmentation, by Product
7.1 Chapter Overview
7.2 DMSO
7.2.1 DMSO Market Trends Analysis (2020-2032)
7.2.2 DMSO Market Size Estimates and Forecasts to 2032 (USD Billion)
7.3 Glycerol
7.3.1 Glycerol Market Trends Analysis (2020-2032)
7.3.2 Glycerol Market Size Estimates and Forecasts to 2032 (USD Billion)
7.4 Others
7.4.1 Others Market Trends Analysis (2020-2032)
7.4.2 Others Market Size Estimates and Forecasts to 2032 (USD Billion)
8. Cell Freezing Media Market Segmentation, by Application
8.1 Chapter Overview
8.2 Stem Cell lines
8.2.1 Stem Cell lines Market Trends Analysis (2020-2032)
8.2.2 Stem Cell lines Market Size Estimates and Forecasts to 2032 (USD Billion)
8.3 Cancer Cell Lines
8.3.1 Cancer Cell Lines Market Trends Analysis (2020-2032)
8.3.2 Cancer Cell Lines Market Size Estimates and Forecasts to 2032 (USD Billion)
8.4 Others
8.4.1 Others Market Trends Analysis (2020-2032)
8.4.2 Others Market Size Estimates and Forecasts to 2032 (USD Billion)
9. Cell Freezing Media Market Segmentation, by End Use
9.1 Chapter Overview
9.2 Pharmaceutical and Biotechnological Companies
9.2.1 Pharmaceutical and Biotechnological Companies Market Trends Analysis (2020-2032)
9.2.2 Pharmaceutical and Biotechnological Companies Market Size Estimates and Forecasts to 2032 (USD Billion)
9.3 Research & Academic Institutes
9.3.1 Research & Academic Institutes Market Trends Analysis (2020-2032)
9.3.2 Research & Academic Institutes Market Size Estimates and Forecasts to 2032 (USD Billion)
9.4 Others
9.4.1 Others Market Trends Analysis (2020-2032)
9.4.2 Others Market Size Estimates and Forecasts to 2032 (USD Billion)
10. Regional Analysis
10.1 Chapter Overview
10.2 North America
10.2.1 Trends Analysis
10.2.2 North America Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Country (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.2.3 North America Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.2.4 North America Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.2.5 North America Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by End Use (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.2.6 USA
10.2.6.1 USA Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.2.6.2 USA Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.2.6.3 USA Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by End Use (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.2.7 Canada
10.2.7.1 Canada Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.2.7.2 Canada Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.2.7.3 Canada Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by End Use (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.2.8 Mexico
10.2.8.1 Mexico Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.2.8.2 Mexico Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.2.8.3 Mexico Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by End Use (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3 Europe
10.3.1 Eastern Europe
10.3.1.1 Trends Analysis
10.3.1.2 Eastern Europe Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Country (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.1.3 Eastern Europe Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.1.4 Eastern Europe Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.1.5 Eastern Europe Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by End Use (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.1.6 Poland
10.3.1.6.1 Poland Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.1.6.2 Poland Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.1.6.3 Poland Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by End Use (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.1.7 Romania
10.3.1.7.1 Romania Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.1.7.2 Romania Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.1.7.3 Romania Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by End Use (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.1.8 Hungary
10.3.1.8.1 Hungary Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.1.8.2 Hungary Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.1.8.3 Hungary Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by End Use (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.1.9 Turkey
10.3.1.9.1 Turkey Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.1.9.2 Turkey Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.1.9.3 Turkey Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by End Use (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.1.10 Rest of Eastern Europe
10.3.1.10.1 Rest of Eastern Europe Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.1.10.2 Rest of Eastern Europe Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.1.10.3 Rest of Eastern Europe Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by End Use (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2 Western Europe
10.3.2.1 Trends Analysis
10.3.2.2 Western Europe Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Country (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.3 Western Europe Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.4 Western Europe Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.5 Western Europe Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by End Use (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.6 Germany
10.3.2.6.1 Germany Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.6.2 Germany Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.6.3 Germany Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by End Use (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.7 France
10.3.2.7.1 France Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.7.2 France Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.7.3 France Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by End Use (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.8 UK
10.3.2.8.1 UK Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.8.2 UK Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.8.3 UK Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by End Use (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.9 Italy
10.3.2.9.1 Italy Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.9.2 Italy Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.9.3 Italy Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by End Use (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.10 Spain
10.3.2.10.1 Spain Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.10.2 Spain Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.10.3 Spain Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by End Use (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.11 Netherlands
10.3.2.11.1 Netherlands Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.11.2 Netherlands Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.11.3 Netherlands Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by End Use (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.12 Switzerland
10.3.2.12.1 Switzerland Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.12.2 Switzerland Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.12.3 Switzerland Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by End Use (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.13 Austria
10.3.2.13.1 Austria Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.13.2 Austria Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.13.3 Austria Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by End Use (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.14 Rest of Western Europe
10.3.2.14.1 Rest of Western Europe Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.14.2 Rest of Western Europe Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.14.3 Rest of Western Europe Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by End Use (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4 Asia Pacific
10.4.1 Trends Analysis
10.4.2 Asia Pacific Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Country (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.3 Asia Pacific Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.4 Asia Pacific Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.5 Asia Pacific Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by End Use (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.6 China
10.4.6.1 China Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.6.2 China Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.6.3 China Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by End Use (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.7 India
10.4.7.1 India Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.7.2 India Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.7.3 India Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by End Use (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.8 Japan
10.4.8.1 Japan Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.8.2 Japan Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.8.3 Japan Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by End Use (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.9 South Korea
10.4.9.1 South Korea Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.9.2 South Korea Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.9.3 South Korea Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by End Use (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.10 Vietnam
10.4.10.1 Vietnam Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.10.2 Vietnam Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.10.3 Vietnam Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by End Use (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.11 Singapore
10.4.11.1 Singapore Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.11.2 Singapore Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.11.3 Singapore Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by End Use (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.12 Australia
10.4.12.1 Australia Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.12.2 Australia Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.12.3 Australia Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by End Use (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.13 Rest of Asia Pacific
10.4.13.1 Rest of Asia Pacific Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.13.2 Rest of Asia Pacific Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.13.3 Rest of Asia Pacific Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by End Use (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5 Middle East and Africa
10.5.1 Middle East
10.5.1.1 Trends Analysis
10.5.1.2 Middle East Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Country (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.1.3 Middle East Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.1.4 Middle East Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.1.5 Middle East Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by End Use (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.1.6 UAE
10.5.1.6.1 UAE Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.1.6.2 UAE Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.1.6.3 UAE Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by End Use (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.1.7 Egypt
10.5.1.7.1 Egypt Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.1.7.2 Egypt Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.1.7.3 Egypt Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by End Use (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.1.8 Saudi Arabia
10.5.1.8.1 Saudi Arabia Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.1.8.2 Saudi Arabia Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.1.8.3 Saudi Arabia Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by End Use (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.1.9 Qatar
10.5.1.9.1 Qatar Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.1.9.2 Qatar Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.1.9.3 Qatar Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by End Use (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.1.10 Rest of Middle East
10.5.1.10.1 Rest of Middle East Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.1.10.2 Rest of Middle East Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.1.10.3 Rest of Middle East Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by End Use (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.2 Africa
10.5.2.1 Trends Analysis
10.5.2.2 Africa Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Country (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.2.3 Africa Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.2.4 Africa Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.2.5 Africa Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by End Use (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.2.6 South Africa
10.5.2.6.1 South Africa Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.2.6.2 South Africa Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.2.6.3 South Africa Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by End Use (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.2.7 Nigeria
10.5.2.7.1 Nigeria Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.2.7.2 Nigeria Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.2.7.3 Nigeria Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by End Use (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.2.8 Rest of Africa
10.5.2.8.1 Rest of Africa Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.2.8.2 Rest of Africa Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.2.8.3 Rest of Africa Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by End Use (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.6 Latin America
10.6.1 Trends Analysis
10.6.2 Latin America Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Country (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.6.3 Latin America Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.6.4 Latin America Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.6.5 Latin America Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by End Use (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.6.6 Brazil
10.6.6.1 Brazil Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.6.6.2 Brazil Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.6.6.3 Brazil Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by End Use (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.6.7 Argentina
10.6.7.1 Argentina Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.6.7.2 Argentina Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.6.7.3 Argentina Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by End Use (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.6.8 Colombia
10.6.8.1 Colombia Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.6.8.2 Colombia Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.6.8.3 Colombia Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by End Use (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.6.9 Rest of Latin America
10.6.9.1 Rest of Latin America Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.6.9.2 Rest of Latin America Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.6.9.3 Rest of Latin America Cell Freezing Media Market Estimates and Forecasts, by End Use (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
11. Company Profiles
11.1 Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.
11.1.1 Company Overview
11.1.2 Financial
11.1.3 Products/ Services Offered
11.1.4 SWOT Analysis
11.2 Merck KGaA
11.2.1 Company Overview
11.2.2 Financial
11.2.3 Products/ Services Offered
11.2.4 SWOT Analysis
11.3 Sartorius AG
11.3.1 Company Overview
11.3.2 Financial
11.3.3 Products/ Services Offered
11.3.4 SWOT Analysis
11.4 BioLife Solutions, Inc.
11.4.1 Company Overview
11.4.2 Financial
11.4.3 Products/ Services Offered
11.4.4 SWOT Analysis
11.5 Bio-Techne
11.5.1 Company Overview
11.5.2 Financial
11.5.3 Products/ Services Offered
11.5.4 SWOT Analysis
11.6 HiMedia Laboratories
11.6.1 Company Overview
11.6.2 Financial
11.6.3 Products/ Services Offered
11.6.4 SWOT Analysis
11.7 PromoCell GmbH
11.7.1 Company Overview
11.7.2 Financial
11.7.3 Products/ Services Offered
11.7.4 SWOT Analysis
11.8 Capricorn Scientific
11.8.1 Company Overview
11.8.2 Financial
11.8.3 Products/ Services Offered
11.8.4 SWOT Analysis
11.9 Cell Applications, Inc.
11.9.1 Company Overview
11.9.2 Financial
11.9.3 Products/ Services Offered
11.9.4 SWOT Analysis
11.10 STEMCELL Technologies
11.10.1 Company Overview
11.10.2 Financial
11.10.3 Products/ Services Offered
11.10.4 SWOT Analysis
12. Use Cases and Best Practices
13. Conclusion
