1. Introduction

1.1 Market Definition

1.2 Scope (Inclusion and Exclusions)

1.3 Research Assumptions

2. Executive Summary

2.1 Market Overview

2.2 Regional Synopsis

2.3 Competitive Summary

3. Research Methodology

3.1 Top-Down Approach

3.2 Bottom-up Approach

3.3. Data Validation

3.4 Primary Interviews

4. Market Dynamics Impact Analysis

4.1 Market Driving Factors Analysis

4.1.1 Drivers

4.1.2 Restraints

4.1.3 Opportunities

4.1.4 Challenges

4.2 PESTLE Analysis

4.3 Porter’s Five Forces Model

5. Statistical Insights and Trends Reporting

5.1 Packaging Volume Trends by Product and Region, 2023  

5.2 Technology Adoption in Packaging Manufacturing, 2023

5.3 Sustainability Efforts by Type and Region, 2023

5.4 Advancements in Lightweight Packaging Technology, 2023

6. Competitive Landscape

6.1 List of Major Companies, By Region

6.2 Market Share Analysis, By Region

6.3 Product Benchmarking

6.3.1 Product specifications and features

6.3.2 Pricing

6.4 Strategic Initiatives

6.4.1 Marketing and promotional activities

6.4.2 Distribution and Supply Chain Strategies

6.4.3 Expansion plans and new product launches

6.4.4 Strategic partnerships and collaborations

6.5 Technological Advancements

6.6 Market Positioning and Branding

7. Beverage Packaging Market Segmentation, by Material

7.1 Chapter Overview

7.2 Plastic

7.2.1 Plastic Market Trends Analysis (2020-2032)

7.2.2 Plastic Market Size Estimates and Forecasts to 2032 (USD Billion)

7.3 Metal

7.3.1 Metal Market Trends Analysis (2020-2032)

7.3.2 Metal Market Size Estimates and Forecasts to 2032 (USD Billion)

7.4 Glass

7.4.1 Glass Market Trends Analysis (2020-2032)

7.4.2 Glass Market Size Estimates and Forecasts to 2032 (USD Billion)

7.5 Others

7.5.1 Others Market Trends Analysis (2020-2032)

7.5.2 Others Market Size Estimates and Forecasts to 2032 (USD Billion)

8. Beverage Packaging Market Segmentation, by Product Type

8.1 Chapter Overview

8.2 Bottles

8.2.1 Bottles Market Trends Analysis (2020-2032)

8.2.2 Bottles Market Size Estimates and Forecasts to 2032 (USD Billion)

8.3 Cans

8.3.1 Cans Market Trends Analysis (2020-2032)

8.3.2 Cans Market Size Estimates and Forecasts to 2032 (USD Billion)

8.3 Cartons

8.3.1 Cartons Market Trends Analysis (2020-2032)

8.3.2 Cartons Market Size Estimates and Forecasts to 2032 (USD Billion)

8.3 Pouch

8.3.1 Pouch Market Trends Analysis (2020-2032)

8.3.2 Pouch Market Size Estimates and Forecasts to 2032 (USD Billion)

8.3 Others

8.3.1 Others Market Trends Analysis (2020-2032)

8.3.2 Others Market Size Estimates and Forecasts to 2032 (USD Billion)

9. Beverage Packaging Market Segmentation, by Application

9.1 Chapter Overview

9.2 Alcoholic Beverages

9.2.1 Alcoholic Beverages Market Trends Analysis (2020-2032)

9.2.2 Alcoholic Beverages Market Size Estimates and Forecasts to 2032 (USD Billion)

9.3 Non-Alcoholic Beverages

             9.3.1 Non-Alcoholic Beverages Market Trends Analysis (2020-2032)

9.3.2 Non-Alcoholic Beverages Market Size Estimates and Forecasts to 2032 (USD Billion)

10. Regional Analysis

10.1 Chapter Overview

10.2 North America

10.2.1 Trends Analysis

10.2.2 North America Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Country (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.2.3 North America Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Material (2020-2032) (USD Billion)  

10.2.4 North America Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.2.5 North America Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.2.6 USA

10.2.6.1 USA Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Material (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.2.6.2 USA Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.2.6.3 USA Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.2.7 Canada

10.2.7.1 Canada Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Material (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.2.7.2 Canada Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.2.7.3 Canada Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.2.8 Mexico

10.2.8.1 Mexico Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Material (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.2.8.2 Mexico Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.2.8.3 Mexico Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3 Europe

10.3.1 Eastern Europe

10.3.1.1 Trends Analysis

10.3.1.2 Eastern Europe Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Country (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.1.3 Eastern Europe Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Material (2020-2032) (USD Billion)  

10.3.1.4 Eastern Europe Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.1.5 Eastern Europe Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.1.6 Poland

10.3.1.6.1 Poland Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Material (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.1.6.2 Poland Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.1.6.3 Poland Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.1.7 Romania

10.3.1.7.1 Romania Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Material (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.1.7.2 Romania Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.1.7.3 Romania Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.1.8 Hungary

10.3.1.8.1 Hungary Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Material (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.1.8.2 Hungary Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.1.8.3 Hungary Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.1.9 Turkey

10.3.1.9.1 Turkey Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Material (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.1.9.2 Turkey Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.1.9.3 Turkey Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.1.10 Rest of Eastern Europe

10.3.1.10.1 Rest of Eastern Europe Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Material (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.1.10.2 Rest of Eastern Europe Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.1.10.3 Rest of Eastern Europe Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2 Western Europe

10.3.2.1 Trends Analysis

10.3.2.2 Western Europe Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Country (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.3 Western Europe Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Material (2020-2032) (USD Billion)  

10.3.2.4 Western Europe Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.5 Western Europe Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.6 Germany

10.3.2.6.1 Germany Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Material (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.6.2 Germany Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.6.3 Germany Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.7 France

10.3.2.7.1 France Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Material (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.7.2 France Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.7.3 France Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.8 UK

10.3.2.8.1 UK Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Material (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.8.2 UK Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.8.3 UK Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.9 Italy

10.3.2.9.1 Italy Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Material (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.9.2 Italy Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.9.3 Italy Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.10 Spain

10.3.2.10.1 Spain Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Material (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.10.2 Spain Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.10.3 Spain Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.11 Netherlands

10.3.2.11.1 Netherlands Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Material (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.11.2 Netherlands Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.11.3 Netherlands Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.12 Switzerland

10.3.2.12.1 Switzerland Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Material (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.12.2 Switzerland Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.12.3 Switzerland Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.13 Austria

10.3.2.13.1 Austria Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Material (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.13.2 Austria Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.13.3 Austria Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.14 Rest of Western Europe

10.3.2.14.1 Rest of Western Europe Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Material (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.14.2 Rest of Western Europe Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.3.2.14.3 Rest of Western Europe Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4 Asia Pacific

10.4.1 Trends Analysis

10.4.2 Asia Pacific Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Country (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.3 Asia Pacific Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Material (2020-2032) (USD Billion)  

10.4.4 Asia Pacific Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.5 Asia Pacific Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.6 China

10.4.6.1 China Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Material (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.6.2 China Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.6.3 China Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.7 India

10.4.7.1 India Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Material (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.7.2 India Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.7.3 India Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.8 Japan

10.4.8.1 Japan Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Material (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.8.2 Japan Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.8.3 Japan Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.9 South Korea

10.4.9.1 South Korea Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Material (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.9.2 South Korea Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.9.3 South Korea Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.10 Vietnam

10.4.10.1 Vietnam Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Material (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.10.2 Vietnam Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.10.3 Vietnam Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.11 Singapore

10.4.11.1 Singapore Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Material (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.11.2 Singapore Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.11.3 Singapore Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.12 Australia

10.4.12.1 Australia Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Material (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.12.2 Australia Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.12.3 Australia Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.13 Rest of Asia Pacific

10.4.13.1 Rest of Asia Pacific Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Material (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.13.2 Rest of Asia Pacific Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.4.13.3 Rest of Asia Pacific Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5 Middle East and Africa

10.5.1 Middle East

10.5.1.1 Trends Analysis

10.5.1.2 Middle East Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Country (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.1.3 Middle East Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Material (2020-2032) (USD Billion)  

10.5.1.4 Middle East Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.1.5 Middle East Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.1.6 UAE

10.5.1.6.1 UAE Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Material (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.1.6.2 UAE Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.1.6.3 UAE Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.1.7 Egypt

10.5.1.7.1 Egypt Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Material (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.1.7.2 Egypt Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.1.7.3 Egypt Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.1.8 Saudi Arabia

10.5.1.8.1 Saudi Arabia Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Material (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.1.8.2 Saudi Arabia Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.1.8.3 Saudi Arabia Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.1.9 Qatar

10.5.1.9.1 Qatar Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Material (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.1.9.2 Qatar Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.1.9.3 Qatar Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.1.10 Rest of Middle East

10.5.1.10.1 Rest of Middle East Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Material (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.1.10.2 Rest of Middle East Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.1.10.3 Rest of Middle East Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.2 Africa

10.5.2.1 Trends Analysis

10.5.2.2 Africa Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Country (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.2.3 Africa Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Material (2020-2032) (USD Billion)  

10.5.2.4 Africa Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.2.5 Africa Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.2.6 South Africa

10.5.2.6.1 South Africa Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Material (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.2.6.2 South Africa Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.2.6.3 South Africa Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.2.7 Nigeria

10.5.2.7.1 Nigeria Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Material (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.2.7.2 Nigeria Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.2.7.3 Nigeria Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.2.8 Rest of Africa

10.5.2.8.1 Rest of Africa Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Material (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.2.8.2 Rest of Africa Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.5.2.8.3 Rest of Africa Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.6 Latin America

10.6.1 Trends Analysis

10.6.2 Latin America Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Country (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.6.3 Latin America Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Material (2020-2032) (USD Billion)  

10.6.4 Latin America Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.6.5 Latin America Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.6.6 Brazil

10.6.6.1 Brazil Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Material (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.6.6.2 Brazil Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.6.6.3 Brazil Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.6.7 Argentina

10.6.7.1 Argentina Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Material (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.6.7.2 Argentina Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.6.7.3 Argentina Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.6.8 Colombia

10.6.8.1 Colombia Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Material (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.6.8.2 Colombia Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.6.8.3 Colombia Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.6.9 Rest of Latin America

10.6.9.1 Rest of Latin America Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Material (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.6.9.2 Rest of Latin America Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Product Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

10.6.9.3 Rest of Latin America Beverage Packaging Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Application (2020-2032) (USD Billion)

11. Company Profiles

11.1 Bemis Company, Inc.

11.1.1 Company Overview

11.1.2 Financial

11.1.3 Products/ Services Offered

11.1.4 SWOT Analysis

11.2 Sonoco Products Company

11.2.1 Company Overview

11.2.2 Financial

11.2.3 Products/ Services Offered

11.2.4 SWOT Analysis

11.3 Scholle IP

11.3.1 Company Overview

11.3.2 Financial

11.3.3 Products/ Services Offered

11.3.4 SWOT Analysis

11.4 Mondi

11.4.1 Company Overview

11.4.2 Financial

11.4.3 Products/ Services Offered

11.4.4 SWOT Analysis

11.5 Amcor pl

11.5.1 Company Overview

11.5.2 Financial

11.5.3 Products/ Services Offered

11.5.4 SWOT Analysis

11.6 Reynolds Group Ltd

11.6.1 Company Overview

11.6.2 Financial

11.6.3 Products/ Services Offered

11.6.4 SWOT Analysis

11.7 Tetra Laval International S.A

11.7.1 Company Overview

11.7.2 Financial

11.7.3 Products/ Services Offered

11.7.4 SWOT Analysis

11.8 Crow

11.8.1 Company Overview

11.8.2 Financial

11.8.3 Products/ Servies Offered

11.8.4 SWOT Analysis

11.9 Stora Ens

11.9.1 Company Overview

11.9.2 Financial

11.9.3 Products/ Services Offered

11.9.4 SWOT Analysis

11.10 Ball Corporatio

11.10.1 Company Overview

11.10.2 Financial

11.10.3 Products/ Services Offered

11.10.4 SWOT Analysis

12. Use Cases and Best Practices

13. Conclusion