Table of Content
1. Introduction
1.1 Market Definition
1.2 Scope (Inclusion and Exclusions)
1.3 Research Assumptions
2. Executive Summary
2.1 Market Overview
2.2 Regional Synopsis
2.3 Competitive Summary
3. Research Methodology
3.1 Top-Down Approach
3.2 Bottom-up Approach
3.3. Data Validation
3.4 Primary Interviews
4. Market Dynamics Impact Analysis
4.1 Market Driving Factors Analysis
4.1.1 Drivers
4.1.2 Restraints
4.1.3 Opportunities
4.1.4 Challenges
4.2 PESTLE Analysis
4.3 Porter’s Five Forces Model
5. Statistical Insights and Trends Reporting
5.1 Growing Production of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
5.2 Battery Demand Driven by Vehicle Sales
5.3 Battery Cell Failure Rate
5.4 Battery Supply Chain and Production Capacity
5.5 Government Policies and Incentives
5.6 Battery Recycling Process and market
6. Competitive Landscape
6.1 List of Major Companies, By Region
6.2 Market Share Analysis, By Region
6.3 Product Benchmarking
6.3.1 Product specifications and features
6.3.2 Pricing
6.4 Strategic Initiatives
6.4.1 Marketing and promotional activities
6.4.2 Distribution and supply chain strategies
6.4.3 Expansion plans and new product launches
6.4.4 Strategic partnerships and collaborations
6.5 Technological Advancements
6.6 Market Positioning and Branding
7. Automotive Battery Market Segmentation, by Battery Type
7.1 Chapter Overview
7.2 Lead Acid
7.2.1 Lead Acid Market Trends Analysis (2020-2032)
7.2.2 Lead Acid Market Size Estimates and Forecasts to 2032 (USD Billion)
7.3 Lithium-Ion
7.3.1 Lithium-Ion Market Trends Analysis (2020-2032)
7.3.2 Lithium-Ion Market Size Estimates and Forecasts to 2032 (USD Billion)
7.4 Others
7.4.1 Others Market Trends Analysis (2020-2032)
7.4.2 Others Market Size Estimates and Forecasts to 2032 (USD Billion)
8. Automotive Battery Market Segmentation, by Vehicle Type
8.1 Chapter Overview
8.2 Passenger Cars
8.2.1 Passenger Cars Market Trends Analysis (2020-2032)
8.2.2 Passenger Cars Market Size Estimates and Forecasts to 2032 (USD Billion)
8.3 Commercial Vehicles
8.3.1 Commercial Vehicles Market Trends Analysis (2020-2032)
8.3.2 Commercial Vehicles Market Size Estimates and Forecasts to 2032 (USD Billion)
9. Automotive Battery Market Segmentation, by Engine Type
9.1 Chapter Overview
9.2 IC Engine
9.2.1 IC Engine Market Trends Analysis (2020-2032)
9.2.2 IC Engine Market Size Estimates and Forecasts to 2032 (USD Billion)
9.3 Electric Vehicle
9.3.1 Electric Vehicle Market Trends Analysis (2020-2032)
9.3.2 Electric Vehicle Market Size Estimates and Forecasts to 2032 (USD Billion)
10. Regional Analysis
10.1 Chapter Overview
10.2 North America
10.2.1 Trends Analysis
10.2.2 North America Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Country (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.2.3 North America Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Battery Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.2.4 North America Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Vehicle Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.2.5 North America Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Engine Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.2.6 USA
10.2.6.1 USA Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Battery Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.2.6.2 USA Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Vehicle Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.2.6.3 USA Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Engine Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.2.7 Canada
10.2.7.1 Canada Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Battery Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.2.7.2 Canada Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Vehicle Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.2.7.3 Canada Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Engine Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.2.8 Mexico
10.2.8.1 Mexico Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Battery Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.2.8.2 Mexico Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Vehicle Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.2.8.3 Mexico Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Engine Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3 Europe
10.3.1 Eastern Europe
10.3.1.1 Trends Analysis
10.3.1.2 Eastern Europe Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Country (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.1.3 Eastern Europe Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Battery Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.1.4 Eastern Europe Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Vehicle Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.1.5 Eastern Europe Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Engine Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.1.6 Poland
10.3.1.6.1 Poland Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Battery Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.1.6.2 Poland Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Vehicle Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.1.6.3 Poland Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Engine Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.1.7 Romania
10.3.1.7.1 Romania Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Battery Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.1.7.2 Romania Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Vehicle Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.1.7.3 Romania Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Engine Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.1.8 Hungary
10.3.1.8.1 Hungary Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Battery Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.1.8.2 Hungary Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Vehicle Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.1.8.3 Hungary Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Engine Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.1.9 Turkey
10.3.1.9.1 Turkey Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Battery Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.1.9.2 Turkey Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Vehicle Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.1.9.3 Turkey Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Engine Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.1.10 Rest of Eastern Europe
10.3.1.10.1 Rest of Eastern Europe Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Battery Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.1.10.2 Rest of Eastern Europe Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Vehicle Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.1.10.3 Rest of Eastern Europe Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Engine Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2 Western Europe
10.3.2.1 Trends Analysis
10.3.2.2 Western Europe Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Country (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.3 Western Europe Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Battery Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.4 Western Europe Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Vehicle Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.5 Western Europe Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Engine Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.6 Germany
10.3.2.6.1 Germany Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Battery Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.6.2 Germany Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Vehicle Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.6.3 Germany Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Engine Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.7 France
10.3.2.7.1 France Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Battery Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.7.2 France Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Vehicle Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.7.3 France Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Engine Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.8 UK
10.3.2.8.1 UK Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Battery Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.8.2 UK Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Vehicle Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.8.3 UK Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Engine Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.9 Italy
10.3.2.9.1 Italy Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Battery Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.9.2 Italy Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Vehicle Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.9.3 Italy Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Engine Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.10 Spain
10.3.2.10.1 Spain Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Battery Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.10.2 Spain Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Vehicle Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.10.3 Spain Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Engine Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.11 Netherlands
10.3.2.11.1 Netherlands Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Battery Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.11.2 Netherlands Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Vehicle Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.11.3 Netherlands Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Engine Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.12 Switzerland
10.3.2.12.1 Switzerland Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Battery Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.12.2 Switzerland Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Vehicle Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.12.3 Switzerland Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Engine Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.13 Austria
10.3.2.13.1 Austria Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Battery Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.13.2 Austria Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Vehicle Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.13.3 Austria Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Engine Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.14 Rest of Western Europe
10.3.2.14.1 Rest of Western Europe Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Battery Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.14.2 Rest of Western Europe Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Vehicle Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.3.2.14.3 Rest of Western Europe Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Engine Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4 Asia-Pacific
10.4.1 Trends Analysis
10.4.2 Asia-Pacific Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Country (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.3 Asia-Pacific Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Battery Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.4 Asia-Pacific Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Vehicle Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.5 Asia-Pacific Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Engine Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.6 China
10.4.6.1 China Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Battery Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.6.2 China Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Vehicle Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.6.3 China Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Engine Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.7 India
10.4.7.1 India Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Battery Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.7.2 India Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Vehicle Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.7.3 India Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Engine Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.8 Japan
10.4.8.1 Japan Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Battery Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.8.2 Japan Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Vehicle Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.8.3 Japan Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Engine Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.9 South Korea
10.4.9.1 South Korea Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Battery Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.9.2 South Korea Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Vehicle Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.9.3 South Korea Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Engine Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.10 Vietnam
10.4.10.1 Vietnam Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Battery Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.10.2 Vietnam Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Vehicle Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.10.3 Vietnam Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Engine Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.11 Singapore
10.4.11.1 Singapore Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Battery Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.11.2 Singapore Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Vehicle Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.11.3 Singapore Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Engine Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.12 Australia
10.4.12.1 Australia Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Battery Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.12.2 Australia Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Vehicle Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.12.3 Australia Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Engine Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.13 Rest of Asia-Pacific
10.4.13.1 Rest of Asia-Pacific Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Battery Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.13.2 Rest of Asia-Pacific Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Vehicle Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.4.13.3 Rest of Asia-Pacific Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Engine Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5 Middle East and Africa
10.5.1 Middle East
10.5.1.1 Trends Analysis
10.5.1.2 Middle East Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Country (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.1.3 Middle East Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Battery Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.1.4 Middle East Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Vehicle Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.1.5 Middle East Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Engine Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.1.6 UAE
10.5.1.6.1 UAE Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Battery Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.1.6.2 UAE Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Vehicle Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.1.6.3 UAE Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Engine Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.1.7 Egypt
10.5.1.7.1 Egypt Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Battery Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.1.7.2 Egypt Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Vehicle Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.1.7.3 Egypt Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Engine Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.1.8 Saudi Arabia
10.5.1.8.1 Saudi Arabia Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Battery Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.1.8.2 Saudi Arabia Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Vehicle Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.1.8.3 Saudi Arabia Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Engine Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.1.9 Qatar
10.5.1.9.1 Qatar Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Battery Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.1.9.2 Qatar Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Vehicle Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.1.9.3 Qatar Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Engine Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.1.10 Rest of Middle East
10.5.1.10.1 Rest of Middle East Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Battery Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.1.10.2 Rest of Middle East Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Vehicle Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.1.10.3 Rest of Middle East Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Engine Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.2 Africa
10.5.2.1 Trends Analysis
10.5.2.2 Africa Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Country (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.2.3 Africa Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Battery Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.2.4 Africa Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Vehicle Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.2.5 Africa Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Engine Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.2.6 South Africa
10.5.2.6.1 South Africa Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Battery Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.2.6.2 South Africa Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Vehicle Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.2.6.3 South Africa Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Engine Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.2.7 Nigeria
10.5.2.7.1 Nigeria Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Battery Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.2.7.2 Nigeria Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Vehicle Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.2.7.3 Nigeria Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Engine Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.2.8 Rest of Africa
10.5.2.8.1 Rest of Africa Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Battery Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.2.8.2 Rest of Africa Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Vehicle Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.5.2.8.3 Rest of Africa Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Engine Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.6 Latin America
10.6.1 Trends Analysis
10.6.2 Latin America Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Country (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.6.3 Latin America Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Battery Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.6.4 Latin America Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Vehicle Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.6.5 Latin America Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Engine Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.6.6 Brazil
10.6.6.1 Brazil Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Battery Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.6.6.2 Brazil Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Vehicle Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.6.6.3 Brazil Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Engine Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.6.7 Argentina
10.6.7.1 Argentina Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Battery Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.6.7.2 Argentina Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Vehicle Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.6.7.3 Argentina Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Engine Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.6.8 Colombia
10.6.8.1 Colombia Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Battery Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.6.8.2 Colombia Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Vehicle Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.6.8.3 Colombia Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Engine Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.6.9 Rest of Latin America
10.6.9.1 Rest of Latin America Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Battery Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.6.9.2 Rest of Latin America Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Vehicle Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
10.6.9.3 Rest of Latin America Automotive Battery Market Estimates and Forecasts, by Engine Type (2020-2032) (USD Billion)
11. Company Profiles
11.1 Panasonic
11.1.1 Company Overview
11.1.2 Financial
11.1.3 Products/ Services Offered
11.1.4 SWOT Analysis
11.2 LG Energy Solution
11.2.1 Company Overview
11.2.2 Financial
11.2.3 Products/ Services Offered
11.2.4 SWOT Analysis
11.3 CATL
11.3.1 Company Overview
11.3.2 Financial
11.3.3 Products/ Services Offered
11.3.4 SWOT Analysis
11.4 BYD
11.4.1 Company Overview
11.4.2 Financial
11.4.3 Products/ Services Offered
11.4.4 SWOT Analysis
11.5 Samsung SDI
11.5.1 Company Overview
11.5.2 Financial
11.5.3 Products/ Services Offered
11.5.4 SWOT Analysis
11.6 SK Innovation
11.6.1 Company Overview
11.6.2 Financial
11.6.3 Products/ Services Offered
11.6.4 SWOT Analysis
11.7 A123 Systems
11.7.1 Company Overview
11.7.2 Financial
11.7.3 Products/ Services Offered
11.7.4 SWOT Analysis
11.8 Johnson Controls
11.8.1 Company Overview
11.8.2 Financial
11.8.3 Products/ Services Offered
11.8.4 SWOT Analysis
11.9 GS Yuasa
11.9.1 Company Overview
11.9.2 Financial
11.9.3 Products/ Services Offered
11.9.4 SWOT Analysis
11.10 Exide Industries
11.10.1 Company Overview
11.10.2 Financial
11.10.3 Products/ Services Offered
11.10.4 SWOT Analysis
12. Use Cases and Best Practices
13. Conclusion
